The ratio I’d like to discuss today is ‘stock market capitalisation to GNP’. As you may have guessed, this ratio tells you whether the combined value of a country’s stock markets is worth more or less than its annual economic output.
Clearly, this ratio can’t tell you whether or not you should buy shares in a specific company. But it can be useful in deciding whether now is a good time to invest heavily in a market, or if you’d be better off holding back.
So what’s the rationale behind this ratio? Let me leave it to Warren Buffett, who in 2001, noted that it had predicted the bursting of the tech bubble.
‘The market value of all publicly-traded securities as a percentage of the country’s business – that is, as a percentage of GNP… is probably the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment. And as you can see, nearly two years ago [1999] the ratio rose to an unprecedented level. That should have been a very strong warning signal.‘
Indeed in March 2000 – the very peak of the tech bubble – the ratio reached an all-time high in the US. The Wilshire 5000 stock market index was worth 183% of US GNP.
That was hugely out of whack with history. As you can see from the chart below, this ratio (in the US at least) has been below 100% for most of the time since 1925.
You can also see from the chart that the ratio went as low as 61% in February 2009. So it has highlighted good opportunities to buy as well as flagging up times when the market was grossly overvalued.
Right now, the figure stands at 111.9%, according to Gurufocus. That suggests that the US market is currently overvalued, but not in a ridiculous bubble. Which is pretty much what I said in this article.
Can we use this ratio outside America?
Some people argue that you can use the ratio to value lots of different markets very quickly. Using this approach, if a country’s stock market/GNP ratio is around the 50% mark, it looks very cheap. If the ratio is over the 100% mark, it looks expensive.
This approach broadly seems to work in the States. But I think it’s dangerous to transfer it directly into other markets. The UK is a great example of how the ratio can be misleading. Right now, the ratio for UK market is 129%, suggesting it is more expensive than the US. But I don’t think that’s a fair reflection of the UK, which on many other measures is a good bit cheaper than the US.
Remember that many FTSE 100 companies do most of their business outside the UK. In fact, roughly two thirds of the profits generated by all the FTSE 100 companies are earned abroad. So it’s no surprise that Britain’s total stock market valuation is a significantly higher than GNP. These aren’t UK-focused businesses.
But that doesn’t mean the ratio is useless. Instead of comparing the stock market/GNP ratios between markets, it makes more sense to compare a single market to its own history. At 129%, the UK is currently about halfway between its historic low of 47% and its peak of 205%. So it’s not cheap, but it’s hardly grossly overvalued either.
What about other markets?
I’ve used this ratio once before here, when I wrote that ‘China’s future may be brighter than anyone can expect‘.
At the time, China’s stock market/GNP ratio was 48%. Looking at the market’s own history, the historic low for China is 45%. That’s a strong ‘buy’ signal if ever there was one.
Even then, I would never have suggested that anyone invest in China purely due to this ratio. The historical data for China’s markets is still quite short compared to the US.
But when you can see other positives in a market, this ratio can be very handy in helping you make a decision. And that low ratio is just one of the reasons why I’ve been enthusiastic about China recently.
Ed Bowsher
Contributing Editor, Money Morning
Publisher’s Note: What Warren Buffett’s favourite valuation ratio says about markets today originally appeared in MoneyWeek UK
